Ali Mazyaki; Solaleh Tavassoli; Mitra Babapour; Meysam Mazaheri; Anahita Hosseini; Mina Javid; Sahand Gharizadeh
Abstract
Although the importance of considering the capability approach in calculating poverty has been addressed in various studies, a major obstacle to achieving a measure like Alkire-Foster MPI in many countries is the lack of integrated micro indicators. In this study, we suggest a "repeated and random ...
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Although the importance of considering the capability approach in calculating poverty has been addressed in various studies, a major obstacle to achieving a measure like Alkire-Foster MPI in many countries is the lack of integrated micro indicators. In this study, we suggest a "repeated and random data generation" method using the macro amount of the missing indicator. Moreover, we apply this method to calculate and break down the acute poverty measure of Alkier and Foster in Iran. The results indicate that by using this method, we are able to achieve the desired level with very high precision. In addition, by breaking down multidimensional poverty into three dimensions of health, education, and standard of living, we show that during the last four decades, the share of educational deprivation in MPI is always increasing and has transformed into the most effective indicator in acute multidimensional poverty. Finally, by examining the characteristics of poor households, it can be noted that households with acute poverty have gradually become older, smaller, and less educated. Therefore, it seems that programs like subsidies to the entire society are no longer helpful for poverty reduction in Iran and it can be improved by better targeting and addressing educational deprivation.
Mahnoush Abdolah Milani; teymour mohammadi; solaleh tavassoli
Abstract
In the past few decades, the rapid growth of health expenditure among countries and considerable differences between per capita health expenditures in different countries, have led to extensive studies about determinants of health expenditures. The aim of this study is to identify such factors across ...
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In the past few decades, the rapid growth of health expenditure among countries and considerable differences between per capita health expenditures in different countries, have led to extensive studies about determinants of health expenditures. The aim of this study is to identify such factors across different countries which can be put into distinct income groups. For this purpose, panel data regression technique for 148 countries from 1995 to 2013 with fixed effects model was used. The results show that, in contrast to previous studies which use macro data analysis, the effect of population ageing in upper-middle- and high-income countries, which face the greatest rate of population ageing, on health expenditures was shown to be positive at a significant level. Income as being not the sole factor associated with health expenditure, our results show that life expectation and the share of young population (under 14) are among important factors. Another driver of health expenditure was revealed to be the total government expenditure as a share of GDP that was insignificant only for low income countries. This observation might reflect the trade off in domestic health expenditures made by the low-income countries as a result of receiving international aids. The income elasticity for all groups was below unity and suggestive of health care to be a necessity good in all countries.
